Monocyclic N-aryl hydantoin modulators of androgen receptor function

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel compounds useful in the treatment of androgen receptor associated conditions, such as age-related diseases, pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one of the compounds of the present invention and methods of treating a patient in need of therapy for an androgen receptor associated condition by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least compound of the present invention.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority benefit under Title 35 § 119(e) of U.S.provisional Application No. 60/519,846, filed Nov. 13, 2003, thecontents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to bicyclic compounds, methods of usingsuch compounds in the treatment of androgen receptor-associatedconditions, such as age-related diseases, for example sarcopenia, and topharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nuclear hormone receptors (NHR's) constitute a large super-family ofstructurally-related and sequence-specific gene regulators scientistshave named “ligand-dependent transcription factors.” R. M. Evans,Science, 240: 889 (1988). The steroid binding NHR's (SB-NHR's) form arecognized subset of the NHR's, including the progesterone receptor(PR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), glucocorticoidreceptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The conventionalnuclear hormone receptors are generally transactivators in the presenceof ligand, which selectively bind to the NHR in a way that effects genetranscription. In the absence of a corresponding ligand, some of theorphan receptors behave as if they are transcriptionally inert. Others,however, behave as either constitutive activators or repressors. Theseorphan nuclear hormone receptors are either under the control ofubiquitous ligands that have not been identified, or do not need to bindligand to exert these activities.

The AR is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein thatmediates induction of male sexual development and function through itsactivity with endogenous androgens. In addition, androgens areassociated with male and female maintenance of muscle mass and strength,bone mass and erythropoiesis. Androgens, such as testosterone, also playan important role in many physiological processes, such asdifferentiation of male internal and external genitalia, development andmaintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., thedevelopment of prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, scrotum, skeletalmuscle, redistribution of body fat, stimulation of long bone growth,closure of epiphyses, development of male hair growth pattern andenlargement of larynx), the maintenance of sexual behavior and function(e.g., libido and potency) and spermatogenesis (in man).

As one ages, the serum androgen concentration in the body declines. Theage dependent decline in androgens is associated with changes in bodycomposition for men and women, such as a lower percentage of muscle massand an increase in body fat, e.g., sarcopenia. In this regard,modulation of the AR gene can have an impact on the physiologicaleffects associated with androgen production. However, the effectivenessof known modulators of steroid receptors is often tempered by theirundesired side-effect profile, particularly during long-termadministration. For example, the administration of synthetic androgenshas been associated with liver damage, prostate cancer, adverse effectson male sexual function and adverse effects associated withcardiovascular and erythropoietic function.

Numerous synthetically-derived steroidal and non-steroidal agonists andantagonists have been described for the members of the SB-NHR family.Many of these agonist and antagonist ligands are used clinically in manto treat a variety of medical conditions. RU486 (mifepristone) is anexample of a synthetic antagonist of the PR, which is utilized as abirth control agent (Vegeto et al., Cell 69: 703-713 (1992)). Flutamideis an example of an antagonist of the AR, which is utilized for thetreatment of prostate cancer (Neri et al, Endo. 91, 427-437 (1972)).Tamoxifen is an example of a tissue-selective modulator of the ERfunction, that is used in the treatment of breast cancer (Smigel J.Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 647-648 (1998)). Tamoxifen can function as anantagonist of the ER in breast tissue while acting as an agonist of theER in bone (Grese et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 14105-14110(1997)). Because of the tissue-selective effects seen for Tamoxifen,this agent, and agents like it, are referred to as tissue-selectiveestrogen receptor modulators. In addition to synthetically-derivednon-endogenous ligands, non-endogenous ligands for NHR's can be obtainedfrom food sources (Regal et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 223, 372-378(2000) and Hempstock et al., J. Med. Food 2, 267-269 (1999)). Theflavanoid phytoestrogens are an example of an unnatural ligand forSB-NHR's that are readily obtained from a food source such as soy(Quella et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 1068-1074 (2000) and Banz et al., J.Med. Food 2, 271-273 (1999)). The ability to modulate thetranscriptional activity of an individual NHR by the addition of a smallmolecule ligand, makes these receptors ideal targets for the developmentof pharmaceutical agents for a variety of disease states.

As mentioned above, non-natural ligands can be synthetically engineeredto serve as modulators of the function of NHR's. In the case ofSB-NHR's, engineering of an unnatural ligand can include theidentification of a core structure which mimics the natural steroid coresystem. This can be achieved by random screening against severalSB-NHR's, or through directed approaches using the available crystalstructures of a variety of NHR ligand binding domains (Bourguet et al.,Nature 375, 377-382 (1995), Brzozowski, et al., Nature 389, 753-758(1997), Shiau et al., Cell 95, 927-937 (1998) and Tanenbaum et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5998-6003 (1998)). Differentialsubstitution about such a steroid mimic core can provide agents withselectivity for one receptor versus another. In addition, suchmodifications can be employed to obtain agents with agonist orantagonist activity for a particular SB-NHR. Differential substitutionabout the steroid mimic core can result in the formation of a series ofhigh affinity agonists and antagonists with specificity for, forexample, ER versus PR versus AR versus GR versus MR. Such an approach ofdifferential substitution has been reported, for example, for quinolinebased modulators of steroid NHRs in Hamann et. al., J. Med. Chem., 41,623 (1998); Hamann et. al., J. Med. Chem. 42, 210 (1999); WO 9749709;U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,133; U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,130; U.S. Pat. No.5,696,127; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,647; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,646; U.S. Pat.No. 5,688,810; U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,808 and WO 9619458, all incorporatedherein by reference.

Accordingly, identification of compounds which have good specificity forone or more steroid receptors, but which have reduced or nocross-reactivity for other steroid or intracellular receptors, would beof significant value in the treatment of male and femalehormone-responsive diseases. There is, therefore, a need in the art forthe identification of selective modulators of the steroid bindingnuclear hormone receptors, particularly non-steroidal, non-toxic tissueselective androgen receptor modulators, which activate the androgenreceptor in skeletal muscle while demonstrating limited or neutraleffect on other androgen responsive (e.g., prostate) tissues.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with illustrative embodiments and demonstrating featuresof the present invention, compounds are provided which are capable ofmodulating the function of a nuclear hormone receptor. Preferably thecompounds are selective androgen receptor modulators, and have thegeneral formula I

wherein G, R₁, R₂, R₃ and X are described herein. Additionally,pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds according toFormula I are described. Finally, methods of treating diseases ordisorders associated with androgen receptor activity utilizing thecompounds of Formula I are described.Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are employed herein:

-   Chiralpak®=Trademark of Chiral Technologies, Inc. Eaton, Pa.-   DBU=1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-   AcOH=acetic acid-   DMPU=1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone-   EtOAc=ethyl acetate-   HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography-   MeOH=methanol-   MS or Mass Spec=mass spectrometry-   YMC®=trademark of YMC Co, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan-   CuBr=copper(I) bromide-   CuCN=copper(I) cyanide-   CsF=cesium fluoride-   Et₃N=triethylamine-   DCC=1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-   DEAD=diethyl azodicarboxylate-   LDA=lithium diisopropylamide-   NMP=1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-   KOH=potassium hydroxide-   Pd/C=palladium on activated charcoal-   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid-   THF=tetrahydrofuran-   mp.=melting point-   min=minute(s)-   h=hour(s)-   L=liter-   mL=milliliter-   μL=microliter-   g=gram(s)-   mg=milligram(s)-   mol=moles-   mmol=millimole(s)-   nM=nanomolar-   rt=room temperature    Definitions

The following definitions apply to the terms as used throughout thisspecification, unless otherwise limited in specific instances.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” denotes branched or unbranchedhydrocarbon chains, preferably having about 1 to about 8 carbons, suchas, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl,tert-butyl, 2-methylpentyl pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl and the like. “Substituted alkyl”includes an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or morefunctional groups which are attached commonly to such chains, such as,hydroxyl, bromo, fluoro, chloro, iodo, mercapto or thio, cyano,alkylthio, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, carbalkoyl, alkyl,alkenyl, nitro, amino, alkoxyl, amido, and the like to form alkyl groupssuch as trifluoro methyl, 3-hydroxyhexyl, 2-carboxypropyl,2-fluoroethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanobutyl and the like.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “cycloalkyl” as employed hereinalone or as part of another group includes saturated or partiallyunsaturated (containing 1 or more double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbongroups containing 1 to 3 rings, including monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyland tricyclicalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming therings, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the ring and which may befused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings as described for aryl, which includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,

“Substituted cycloalkyl” includes a cycloalkyl group optionallysubstituted with 1 or more substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy,hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido,alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thioland/or alkylthio and/or any of the substituents included in thedefinition of “substituted alkyl.”

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkenyl” as used herein by itselfor as part of another group refers to straight or branched chainradicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and morepreferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one or moredouble bonds in the normal chain, such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl,2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl,3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl,4-dodecenyl, 4,8,12-tetradecatrienyl, and the like. “Substitutedalkenyl” includes an alkenyl group optionally substituted with one ormore substituents, such as the substituents included above in thedefinition of “substituted alkyl” and “substituted cycloalkyl.”

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkynyl” as used herein by itselfor as part of another group refers to straight or branched chainradicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and morepreferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one or moretriple bonds in the normal chain, such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl,2-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl,3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4-decynyl, 3-undecynyl,4-dodecynyl and the like. “Substituted alkynyl” includes an alkynylgroup optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as thesubstituents included above in the definition of “substituted alkyl” and“substituted cycloalkyl.”

The terms “arylalkyl”, “arylalkenyl” and “arylalkynyl” as used alone oras part of another group refer to alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups asdescribed above having an aryl substituent. Representative examples ofarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl,3-phenylpropyl, phenethyl, benzhydryl and naphthylmethyl and the like.“Substituted arylalkyl” includes arylalkyl groups wherein the arylportion is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such asthe substituents included above in the definition of “substituted alkyl”and “substituted cycloalkyl.”

The term “halogen” or “halo” as used herein alone or as part of anothergroup refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “aryl” or “Ar” as employed hereinalone or as part of another group refers to monocyclic and polycyclicaromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such asphenyl or naphthyl including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) and mayoptionally include one to three additional rings fused to a carbocyclicring or a heterocyclic ring (such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl orcycloheteroalkyl rings), for example

“Substituted aryl” includes an aryl group optionally substituted withone or more functional groups, such as halo, haloalkyl, alkyl,haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, trifluoromethyl,trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl,cycloheteroalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy,aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkenyl,aminocarbonylaryl, arylthio, arylsulfinyl, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl,heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, nitro,cyano, amino, substituted amino wherein the amino includes 1 or 2substituents (which are alkyl, aryl or any of the other aryl compoundsmentioned in the definitions), thiol, alkylthio, arylthio,heteroarylthio, arylthioalkyl, alkoxyarylthio, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonylamino orarylsulfonaminocarbonyl and/or any of the alkyl substituents set outherein.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “heteroaryl” as used herein aloneor as part of another group refers to a 5- or 7-membered aromatic ringwhich includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen orsulfur and such rings fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl orheterocycloalkyl ring (e.g. benzothiophenyl, indolyl), and includespossible N-oxides. “Substituted heteroaryl” includes a heteroaryl groupoptionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, such as thesubstituents included above in the definition of “substituted alkyl” and“substituted cycloalkyl.” Examples of heteroaryl groups include thefollowing:

and the like.

The term “heterocyclo”, heterocycle or heterocyclic ring, as usedherein, represents an unsubstituted or substituted stable 5- to7-membered monocyclic ring system which may be saturated or unsaturated,and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatomsselected from N, O or S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatomsmay optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionallybe quaternized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatomor carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.Examples of such heterocyclic groups include, but is not limited to,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, oxopiperidinyl,oxopyrrolidinyl, oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, furanyl,thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl,oxazolidinyl, isooxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolyl,thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl,thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, andoxadiazolyl.

The compounds of formula I can be present as salts, which are alsowithin the scope of this invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e.,non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred. If thecompounds of formula I have, for example, at least one basic center,they can form acid addition salts. These are formed, for example, withstrong inorganic acids, such as mineral acids, for example sulfuricacid, phosphoric acid or a hydrohalic acid, with strong organiccarboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atomswhich are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by halogen, forexample acetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylicacids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalicor terephthalic acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, for exampleascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such asamino acids, (for example aspartic or glutamic acid or lysine orarginine), or benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as(C₁-C₄) alkyl or arylsulfonic acids which are unsubstituted orsubstituted, for example by halogen, for example methyl- orp-toluene-sulfonic acid. Corresponding acid addition salts can also beformed having, if desired, an additionally present basic center. Thecompounds of formula I having at least one acid group (for example COOH)can also form salts with bases. Suitable salts with bases are, forexample, metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metalsalts, for example sodium, potassium or magnesium salts, or salts withammonia or an organic amine, such as morpholine, thiomorpholine,piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono, di or tri-lower alkylamine, for exampleethyl, tert-butyl, diethyl, diisopropyl, triethyl, tributyl ordimethyl-propylamine, or a mono, di or trihydroxy lower alkylamine, forexample mono, di or triethanolamine. Corresponding internal salts mayfurthermore be formed. Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceuticaluses but which can be employed, for example, for the isolation orpurification of free compounds of formula I or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, are also included.

Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain a basicgroup include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate,phosphate or nitrate.

Preferred salts of the compounds of formula I which contain an acidgroup include sodium, potassium and magnesium salts and pharmaceuticallyacceptable organic amines.

The term “modulator” refers to a chemical compound with capacity toeither enhance (e.g., “agonist” activity) or inhibit (e.g., “antagonist”activity) a functional property of biological activity or process (e.g.,enzyme activity or receptor binding); such enhancement or inhibition maybe contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activationof a signal transduction pathway, and/or may be manifest only inparticular cell types.

The term “prodrug esters” as employed herein includes esters andcarbonates formed by reacting one or more hydroxyls of compounds offormula I with alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl substituted acylating agentsemploying procedures known to those skilled in the art to generateacetates, pivalates, methylcarbonates, benzoates and the like.

Any compound that can be converted in vivo to provide the bioactiveagent (i.e., the compound of formula I) is a prodrug within the scopeand spirit of the invention.

Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art. A comprehensivedescription of prodrugs and prodrug derivatives are described in:

-   -   a) The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Camille G. Wermuth et        al., Ch 31, (Academic Press, 1996);    -   b) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985);    -   c) A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, P.        Krogsgaard-Larson and H. Bundgaard, eds. Ch 5, pgs 113-191        (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).

Said references are incorporated herein by reference.

An administration of a therapeutic agent of the invention includesadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of theinvention. The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used hereinrefers to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent acondition treatable by administration of a composition of the invention.That amount is the amount sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeuticor preventative or ameliorative effect. The effect may include, forexample, treatment or prevention of the conditions listed herein. Theprecise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject'ssize and health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated,recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics orcombination of therapeutics selected for administration. Thus, it is notuseful to specify an exact effective amount in advance.

All stereoisomers of the compounds of the instant invention arecontemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form.The compounds of the present invention can have asymmetric centers atany of the carbon atoms including any one of the R substituents.Consequently, compounds of formula I can exist in enantiomeric ordiastereomeric forms or in mixtures thereof. The processes forpreparation can utilize racemates, enantiomers or diastereomers asstarting materials. When diastereomeric or enantiomeric products areprepared, they can be separated by conventional methods for example,chromatographic, chiral HPLC or fractional crystallization.

The compounds of formula I of the present invention can be prepared asshown in the following reaction schemes and description thereof, as wellas relevant published literature procedures that may be used by oneskilled in the art. Exemplary reagents and procedures for thesereactions appear hereinafter and in the working Examples.

As illustrated in Scheme I, compounds of formula I can be prepared fromsuitable α-amino acid derivatives such as esters II by N-arylhydantoinformation under standard conditions, such as, for instance, treatmentwith an aryl isocyanate or aryl isothiocyanate III in the presence of asuitable base such as DBU. Further elaboration to a compound of formulaIa or Ib can be accomplished by standard literature methods for N and/orC-alkylation.

As illustrated in Scheme II, compounds of formula Ic can be preparedfrom suitably protected intermediates of formula IIa. Intermediates offormula IIa can be obtained commercially, can be prepared by methodsknown in the literature or can be readily prepared by one skilled in theart. Treatment of IIa with an intermediate of formula III in thepresence of a suitable base, such as for example, DBU, yields ancompound of formula of Ic. The intermediates of formula III can beobtained, for example, from commercially available isocyanates andthioisocyanates, by the methods described in Scheme III, or can bereadily prepared by one skilled in the art. The compound of formula Iccan optionally be further elaborated to a compound of formula Idthrough, for example, a Knoevenagel type or similar condensationreaction with an appropriately reactive carbonyl containingelectrophile, such as for example, an aryl aldehyde.

The chemistry used for preparation of specific isocyanates andisothiocyanates is outlined in Scheme III.

Scheme III describes a method to prepare isocyanates of general formulaIII wherein intermediates IV are treated with phosgene or a phosgenelike reagent in the presence of an inorganic base such as sodiumbicarbonate, or a organic base such as diisopropylethylamine in asolvent such as dichloromethane to afford an isocyanate of formula III.

For example, Scheme IV describes a method for preparing isocyanates ofgeneral formula IIIa. Substituted aryl or heteroaryl amines of formulaIVa are treated with phosgene or a phosgene like reagent in the presenceof an inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, or a organic base suchas diisopropylethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane to affordan isocyanate of formula IIIa. Substituted aryl or heteroaryl amines asdescribed above can be obtained commercially or can be prepared bymethods known in the literature or by one skilled in the art. Specificpara-cyano aryl amines can be prepared according to the method outlinedin Scheme V.

Scheme V describes one method for the preparation of certain cyanoarylamines which are suitable isocyanate and isothiocyanate precursors.

Use and Utility

A. Utilities

The compounds of the present invention modulate the function of thenuclear hormone receptors, particularly the androgen receptor, andinclude compounds which are, for example, selective agonists, partialagonists, antagonists or partial antagonists of the androgen receptor(AR). Thus, the present compounds are useful in the treatment ofAR-associated conditions. An “AR-associated condition,” as used herein,denotes a condition or disorder which can be treated by modulating thefunction or activity of an AR in a subject, wherein treatment comprisesprevention, partial alleviation or cure of the condition or disorder.Modulation may occur locally, for example, within certain tissues of thesubject, or more extensively throughout a subject being treated for sucha condition or disorder.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered to animals,preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions anddisorders, including, but not limited to maintenance of muscle strengthand function (e.g., in the elderly); reversal or prevention of frailtyor age-related functional decline (“ARFD”) in the elderly (e.g.,sarcopenia); treatment of catabolic side effects of glucocorticoids;prevention and/or treatment of reduced bone mass, density or growth(e.g., osteoporosis and osteopenia); treatment of chronic fatiguesyndrome (CFS); chronic myalgia; treatment of acute fatigue syndrome andmuscle loss following elective surgery (e.g., post-surgicalrehabilitation); accelerating of wound healing; accelerating bonefracture repair (such as accelerating the recovery of hip fracturepatients); accelerating healing of complicated fractures, e.g.distraction osteogenesis; in joint replacement; prevention ofpost-surgical adhesion formation; acceleration of tooth repair orgrowth; maintenance of sensory function (e.g., hearing, sight,olefaction and taste); treatment of periodontal disease; treatment ofwasting secondary to fractures and wasting in connection with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic liver disease, AIDS,weightlessness, cancer cachexia, burn and trauma recovery, chroniccatabolic state (e.g., coma), eating disorders (e.g., anorexia) andchemotherapy; treatment of cardiomyopathy; treatment ofthrombocytopenia; treatment of growth retardation in connection withCrohn's disease; treatment of short bowel syndrome; treatment ofirritable bowel syndrome; treatment of inflammatory bowel disease;treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colits; treatment ofcomplications associated with transplantation; treatment ofphysiological short stature including growth hormone deficient childrenand short stature associated with chronic illness; treatment of obesityand growth retardation associated with obesity; treatment of anorexia(e.g., associated with cachexia or aging); treatment of hypercortisolismand Cushing's syndrome; Paget's disease; treatment of osteoarthritis;induction of pulsatile growth hormone release; treatment ofosteochondrodysplasias; treatment of depression, nervousness,irritability and stress; treatment of reduced mental energy and lowself-esteem (e.g., motivation/assertiveness); improvement of cognitivefunction (e.g., the treatment of dementia, including Alzheimer's diseaseand short term memory loss); treatment of catabolism in connection withpulmonary dysfunction and ventilator dependency; treatment of cardiacdysfunction (e.g., associated with valvular disease, myocardialinfarction, cardiac hypertrophy or congestive heart failure); loweringblood pressure; protection against ventricular dysfunction or preventionof reperfusion events; treatment of adults in chronic dialysis; reversalor slowing of the catabolic state of aging; attenuation or reversal ofprotein catabolic responses following trauma (e.g., reversal of thecatabolic state associated with surgery, congestive heart failure,cardiac myopathy, burns, cancer, COPD etc.); reducing cachexia andprotein loss due to chronic illness such as cancer or AIDS; treatment ofhyperinsulinemia including nesidioblastosis; treatment ofimmunosuppressed patients; treatment of wasting in connection withmultiple sclerosis or other neurodegenerative disorders; promotion ofmyelin repair; maintenance of skin thickness; treatment of metabolichomeostasis and renal homeostasis (e.g., in the frail elderly);stimulation of osteoblasts, bone remodeling and cartilage growth;regulation of food intake; treatment of insulin resistance, includingNIDDM, in mammals (e.g., humans); treatment of insulin resistance in theheart; improvement of sleep quality and correction of the relativehyposomatotropism of senescence due to high increase in REM sleep and adecrease in REM latency; treatment of hypothermia; treatment ofcongestive heart failure; treatment of lipodystrophy (e.g., in patientstaking HIV or AIDS therapies such as protease inhibitors); treatment ofmuscular atrophy (e.g., due to physical inactivity, bed rest or reducedweight-bearing conditions); treatment of musculoskeletal impairment(e.g., in the elderly); improvement of the overall pulmonary function;treatment of sleep disorders; and the treatment of the catabolic stateof prolonged critical illness; treatment of hirsutism, acne, seborrhea,androgenic alopecia, anemia, hyperpilosity, benign prostate hypertrophy,adenomas and neoplasies of the prostate (e.g., advanced metastaticprostate cancer) and malignant tumor cells containing the androgenreceptor, such as is the case for breast, brain, skin, ovarian, bladder,lymphatic, liver and kidney cancers; cancers of the skin, pancreas,endometrium, lung and colon; osteosarcoma; hypercalcemia of malignancy;metastatic bone disease; treatment of spermatogenesis, endometriosis andpolycystic ovary syndrome; conteracting preeclampsia, eclampsia ofpregnancy and preterm labor; treatment of premenstural syndrome;treatment of vaginal dryness; age related decreased testosterone levelsin men, male menopause, hypogonadism, male hormone replacement, male andfemale sexual dysfunction (e.g., erectile dysfunction, decreased sexdrive, sexual well-being, decreased libido), urinary incontinence, maleand female contraception, hair loss, Reaven's Syndrome and theenhancement of bone and muscle performance/strength. The term treatmentis also intended to include prophylactic treatment.

In addition, the conditions, diseases, and maladies collectivelyreferenced to as “Syndrome X” or Metabolic Syndrome as detailed inJohannsson J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 727-34 (1997), may betreated employing the compounds of the invention.

B. Combinations

The present invention includes within its scope pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one of the compounds of formula I, alone orin combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. Optionally,compounds of the present invention can be used alone, in combinationwith other compounds of the invention, or in combination with one ormore other therapeutic agent(s), e.g., an antibiotic or otherpharmaceutically active material.

The compounds of the present invention may be combined with growthpromoting agents, such as, but not limited to, TRH, diethylstilbesterol,theophylline, enkephalins, E series prostaglandins, compounds disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,345, e.g., zeranol, and compounds disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,036,979, e.g., sulbenox or peptides disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 4,411,890.

The compounds of the invention may also be used in combination withgrowth hormone secretagogues such as GHRP-6, GHRP-1 (as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,411,890 and publications WO 89/07110 and WO 89/07111),GHRP-2 (as described in WO 93/04081), NN703 (Novo Nordisk), LY444711(Lilly), MK-677 (Merck), CP424391 (Pfizer) and B-HT920, or with growthhormone releasing factor and its analogs or growth hormone and itsanalogs or somatomedins including IGF-1 and IGF-2, or withalpha-adrenergic agonists, such as clonidine or serotinin 5-HT_(D)agonists, such as sumatriptan, or agents which inhibit somatostatin orits release, such as physostigmine and pyridostigmine. A still furtheruse of the disclosed compounds of the invention is in combination withparathyroid hormone, PTH (1-34) or bisphosphonates, such as MK-217(alendronate).

A still further use of the compounds of the invention is in combinationwith estrogen, testosterone, a selective estrogen receptor modulator,such as tamoxifen or raloxifene, or other androgen receptor modulators,such as those disclosed in Edwards, J. P. et. al., Bio. Med. Chem. Let.,9, 1003-1008 (1999) and Hamann, L. G. et. al., J. Med. Chem., 42,210-212 (1999).

A further use of the compounds of this invention is in combination withprogesterone receptor agonists (“PRA”), such as levonorgestrel,medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).

The compounds of the present invention may be employed alone or incombination with each other and/or other modulators of nuclear hormonereceptors or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatmentof the aforementioned disorders including: anti-diabetic agents;anti-osteoporosis agents; anti-obesity agents; anti-inflammatory agents;anti-anxiety agents; anti-depressants; anti-hypertensive agents;anti-platelet agents; anti-thrombotic and thrombolytic agents; cardiacglycosides; cholesterol/lipid lowering agents; mineralocorticoidreceptor antagonists; phospodiesterase inhibitors; protein tyrosinekinase inhibitors; thyroid mimetics (including thyroid receptoragonists); anabolic agents; HIV or AIDS therapies; therapies useful inthe treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders;therapies useful in the treatment of sleeping disorders;anti-proliferative agents; and anti-tumor agents.

Examples of suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination withthe compounds of the present invention include biguanides (e.g.,metformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose), insulins (includinginsulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g.,repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide andglipizide), biguanide/glyburide combinations (e.g., Glucovance®,thiazolidinediones (e.g., troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone),PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dualagonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors,inhibitors of fatty acid binding protein (aP2) such as those disclosedin U.S. Ser. No. 09/519,079 filed Mar. 6, 2000, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors such as thosedisclosed in WO 0168603.

Examples of suitable anti-osteoporosis agents for use in combinationwith the compounds of the present invention include alendronate,risedronate, PTH, PTH fragment, raloxifene, calcitonins, steroidal ornon-steroidal progesterone receptor agonists, RANK ligand antagonists,calcium sensing receptor antagonists, TRAP inhibitors, selectiveestrogen receptor modulators (SERM's), estrogen and AP-1 inhibitors.

Examples of suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include aP2 inhibitors, such as thosedisclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/519,079 filed Mar. 6, 2000, PPAR gammaantagonists, PPAR delta agonists, beta 3 adrenergic agonists, such asAJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer) orother known beta 3 agonists as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,204,5,770,615, 5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, a lipase inhibitor, suchas orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme), a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptakeinhibitor, such as sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) oraxokine (Regeneron), a thyroid receptor beta drug, such as a thyroidreceptor ligand as disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO 99/00353(KaroBio) and GB98/284425 (KaroBio), and/or an anorectic agent, such asdexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol.

Examples of suitable anti-inflammatory agents for use in combinationwith the compounds of the present invention include prednisone,dexamethasone, Enbrel®, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (i.e., COX-1 and/orCOX-2 inhibitors such as NSAIDs, aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen,piroxicam, Naproxen®, Celebrex®, Vioxx®, CTLA4-Ig agonists/antagonists,CD40 ligand antagonists, IMPDH inhibitors, such as mycophenolate(CellCept®), integrin antagonists, alpha-4 beta-7 integrin antagonists,cell adhesion inhibitors, interferon gamma antagonists, ICAM-1, tumornecrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (e.g., infliximab, OR 1384),prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, budesonide, clofazimine, CNI-1493,CD4 antagonists (e.g., priliximab), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinaseinhibitors, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, IKK inhibitors,and therapies for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (e.g.,Zelmac® and Maxi-K® openers such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,184,231 B1).

Examples of suitable anti-anxiety agents for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include diazepam, lorazepam,buspirone, oxazepam, and hydroxyzine pamoate.

Examples of suitable anti-depressants for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include citalopram, fluoxetine,nefazodone, sertraline, and paroxetine.

Examples of suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combinationwith the compounds of the present invention include beta adrenergicblockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g. diltiazem,verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g.,chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide,bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide,polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone,furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride,spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril,zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril,pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisinopril), AT-1 receptor antagonists(e.g., losartan, irbesartan, valsartan), ET receptor antagonists (e.g.,sitaxsentan, atrsentan and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,612,359 and 6,043,265), Dual ET/AII antagonist (e.g., compoundsdisclosed in WO 00/01389), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors,vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors) (e.g., omapatrilatand gemopatrilat), and nitrates.

Examples of suitable anti-platelet agents for use in combination withthe compounds of the present invention include GPIIb/III a blockers(e.g., abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban), P2Y12 antagonists (e.g.,clopidogrel, ticlopidine, CS-747), thromboxane receptor antagonists(e.g., ifetroban), aspirin, and PDE-III inhibitors (e.g., dipyridamole)with or without aspirin.

Examples of suitable cardiac glycosides for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include digitalis and ouabain.

Examples of suitable cholesterol/lipid lowering agents for use incombination with the compounds of the present invention include HMG-CoAreductase inhibitors (e.g., pravastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin,simvastatin, NK-104 (a.k.a. itavastatin, or nisvastatin or nisbastatin)and ZD-4522 (a.k.a. rosuvastatin, or atavastatin or visastatin)),squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, ACATinhibitors, MTP inhibitors, lipooxygenase inhibitors, cholesterolabsorption inhibitors, and cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors(e.g., CP-529414).

Examples of suitable mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for use incombination with the compounds of the present invention includespironolactone and eplerinone.

Examples of suitable phospodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors for use incombination with the compounds of the present invention include PDE-3inhibitors such as cilostazol, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5inhibitors) such as sildenafil.

Examples of suitable thyroid mimetics for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include thyrotropin, polythyroid,KB-130015, and dronedarone.

Examples of suitable anabolic agents for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include testosterone, TRHdiethylstilbesterol, estrogens, β-agonists, theophylline, anabolicsteroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, enkephalins, E-series prostagladins,retinoic acid and compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,345,e.g., Zeranol®; U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,979, e.g., Sulbenox® or peptides asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,890.

Examples of suitable HIV or AIDS therapies for use in combination withthe compounds of the present invention include indinavir sulfate,saquinavir, saquinavir mesylate, ritonavir, lamivudine, zidovudine,lamivudine/zidovudine combinations, zalcitabine, didanosine, stavudine,and megestrol acetate.

Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease andcognitive disorders for use in combination with the compounds of thepresent invention include donepezil, tacrine, revastigmine, 5HT6, gammasecretase inhibitors, beta secretase inhibitors, SK channel blockers,Maxi-K blockers, and KCNQs blockers.

Examples of suitable therapies for treatment of sleeping disorders foruse in combination with the compounds of the present invention includemelatonin analogs, melatonin receptor antagonists, ML1B agonists, andGABA/NMDA receptor antagonists.

Examples of suitable anti-proliferative agents for use in combinationwith the compounds of the present invention include cyclosporin A,paclitaxel, FK-506, and adriamycin.

Examples of suitable anti-tumor agents for use in combination with thecompounds of the present invention include paclitaxel, adriamycin,epothilones, cisplatin and carboplatin.

Compounds of the present invention may further be used in combinationwith nutritional supplements such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.5,179,080, especially in combination with whey protein or casein, aminoacids (such as leucine, branched amino acids and hydroxymethylbutyrate),triglycerides, vitamins (e.g., A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E), minerals(e.g., selenium, magnesium, zinc, chromium, calcium and potassium),carnitine, lipoic acid, creatinine, B-hyroxy-B-methylbutyriate (Juven)and coenzyme Q-10.

In addition, compounds of the present invention may be used incombination with therapeutic agents used in the treatment of sexualdysfunction, including but not limited to PDE-5 inhibitors, such assildenafil or IC-351.

Compounds of the present invention may further be used in combinationwith antiresorptive agents, hormone replacement therapies, vitamin Danalogues, elemental calcium and calcium supplements, cathepsin Kinhibitors, MMP inhibitors, vitronectin receptor antagonists, Src SH₂antagonists, vacular —H⁺-ATPase inhibitors, ipriflavone, fluoride,Tibolone, prostanoids, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitorsand Src kinase inhibitors.

Compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with malecontraceptives, such as nonoxynol 9 or therapeutic agents for thetreatment of hair loss, such as minoxidil and finasteride orchemotherapeutic agents, such as with LHRH agonists.

Further, the compounds of the present invention may be used incombination with anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents, including but notlimited to alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and triazenes; antimetabolitessuch as folate antagonists, purine analogues, and pyrimidine analogues;antibiotics such as anthracyclines, bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin,and plicamycin; enzymes such as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-proteintransferase inhibitors; 5α-reductase inhibitors; inhibitors of17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3; hormonal agents such asglucocorticoids, estrogens/antiestrogens, androgens/antiandrogens,progestins, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists,octreotide acetate; microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidinsor their analogs and derivatives; microtubule-stabilizing agents such astaxanes, for example, paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®), andtheir analogs, and epothilones, such as epothilones A-F and theiranalogs; plant-derived products, such as vinca alkaloids,epipodophyllotoxins, taxanes; and topiosomerase inhibitors;prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and miscellaneous agents such ashydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitotane, hexamethylmelamine, platinumcoordination complexes such as cisplatin and carboplatin; and otheragents used as anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents such as biologicalresponse modifiers, growth factors; immune modulators and monoclonalantibodies. The compounds of the invention may also be used inconjunction with radiation therapy.

Representative examples of these classes of anti-cancer and cytotoxicagents include but are not limited to mechlorethamine hydrochloride,cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosfamide, busulfan,carmustin, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin, thiotepa, dacarbazine,methotrexate, thioguanine, mercaptopurine, fludarabine, pentastatin,cladribin, cytarabine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride,daunorubicin, idarubicin, bleomycin sulfate, mitomycin C, actinomycin D,safracins, saframycins, quinocarcins, discodermolides, vincristine,vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, etoposide, etoposide phosphate,teniposide, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, estramustine, estramustine phosphatesodium, flutamide, buserelin, leuprolide, pteridines, diyneses,levamisole, aflacon, interferon, interleukins, aldesleukin, filgrastim,sargramostim, rituximab, BCG, tretinoin, irinotecan hydrochloride,betamethosone, gemcitabine hydrochloride, altretamine, and topoteca andany analogs or derivatives thereof.

Preferred member of these classes include, but are not limited to,paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, carminomycin,daunorubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin, mitomycin C,ecteinascidin 743, or pofiromycin, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine,gemcitabine, cytosine arabinoside, podophyllotoxin or podophyllotoxinderivatives such as etoposide, etoposide phosphate or teniposide,melphalan, vinblastine, vincristine, leurosidine, vindesine andleurosine.

Examples of anticancer and other cytotoxic agents include the following:epothilone derivatives as found in German Patent No. 4138042.8; WO97/19086, WO 98/22461, WO 98/25929, WO 98/38192, WO 99/01124, WO99/02224, WO 99/02514, WO 99/03848, WO 99/07692, WO 99/27890, WO99/28324, WO 99/43653, WO 99/54330, WO 99/54318, WO 99/54319, WO99/65913, WO 99/67252, WO 99/67253 and WO 00/00485; cyclin dependentkinase inhibitors as found in WO 99/24416 (see also U.S. Pat. No.6,040,321); and prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors as found in WO97/30992 and WO 98/54966; and agents such as those described genericallyand specifically in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,029 (the compounds of which U.S.patent can be employed together with any NHR modulators (including, butnot limited to, those of present invention) such as AR modulators, ERmodulators, with LHRH modulators, or with surgical castration,especially in the treatment of cancer).

The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination withthe compounds of the present invention, may be used, for example, inthose amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) or asotherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The compounds of the formula I can be administered for any of the usesdescribed herein by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as inthe form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually;bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g.,as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions);nasally, including administration to the nasal membranes, such as byinhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment;or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unitformulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehiclesor diluents. The present compounds can, for example, be administered ina form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediaterelease or extended release can be achieved by the use of suitablepharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or,particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices suchas subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps. The present compounds canalso be administered liposomally.

Exemplary compositions for oral administration include suspensions whichcan contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk,alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcelluloseas a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such asthose known in the art; and immediate release tablets which can contain,for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch,magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders,extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known inthe art. The compounds of formula I can also be delivered through theoral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration. Molded tablets,compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which maybe used. Exemplary compositions include those formulating the presentcompound(s) with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose,sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may behigh molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) orpolyethylene glycols (PEG). Such formulations can also include anexcipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose(HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methylcellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agentsto control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g. Carbopol 934).Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may alsobe added for ease of fabrication and use.

Exemplary compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administrationinclude solutions in saline which can contain, for example, benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such asthose known in the art.

Exemplary compositions for parenteral administration include injectablesolutions or suspensions which can contain, for example, suitablenon-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such asmannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodiumchloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting andsuspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fattyacids, including oleic acid, or Cremaphor.

Exemplary compositions for rectal administration include suppositorieswhich can contain, for example, a suitable non-irritating excipient,such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethyleneglycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/ordissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.

Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topicalcarrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).

The effective amount of a compound of the present invention can bedetermined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplarydosage amounts for an adult human of from about 0.01 to 2000 mg ofactive compound per day, which can be administered in a single dose orin the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 4 times perday. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency ofdosage for any particular subject can be varied and will depend upon avariety of factors including the activity of the specific compoundemployed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound,the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of thesubject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drugcombination, and severity of the particular condition. Preferredsubjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalianspecies such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and thelike, subject to NHR-associated conditions.

Transactivation Assays

A. AR Specific Assay

Compounds of the present invention were tested in transactivation assaysof a transfected reporter construct and using the endogenous androgenreceptor of the host cells. The transactivation assay provides a methodfor identifying functional agonists and partial agonists that mimic, orantagonists that inhibit, the effect of native hormones, in this case,dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This assay can be used to predict in vivoactivity as there is a good correlation in both series of data. See,e.g. T. Berger et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 773 (1992), thedisclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

For the transactivation assay a reporter plasmid is introduced bytransfection (a procedure to induce cells to take foreign genes) intothe respective cells. This reporter plasmid, comprising the cDNA for areporter protein, such as secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP),controlled by prostate specific antigen (PSA) upstream sequencescontaining androgen response elements (AREs). This reporter plasmidfunctions as a reporter for the transcription-modulating activity of theAR. Thus, the reporter acts as a surrogate for the products (mRNA thenprotein) normally expressed by a gene under control of the AR and itsnative hormone. In order to detect antagonists, the transactivationassay is carried out in the presence of constant concentration of thenatural AR hormone (DHT) known to induce a defined reporter signal.Increasing concentrations of a suspected antagonist will decrease thereporter signal (e.g., SEAP production). On the other hand, exposing thetransfected cells to increasing concentrations of a suspected agonistwill increase the production of the reporter signal.

For this assay, LNCaP and MDA 453 cells were obtained from the AmericanType Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and maintained in RPMI 1640 orDMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco)respectively. The respective cells were transiently transfected byelectroporation according to the optimized procedure described byHeiser, 130 Methods Mol. Biol., 117 (2000), with thepSEAP2/PSA540/Enhancer reporter plasmid. The reporter plasmid, wasconstructed as follows: commercial human placental genomic DNA was usedto generate by Polymerase Cycle Reaction (PCR) a fragment containing theBglII site (position 5284) and the Hind III site at position 5831 of thehuman prostate specific antigen promoter (Accession # U37672), Schuur,et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271 (12): 7043-51 (1996). This fragment wassubcloned into the pSEAP2/basic (Clontech) previously digested withBglII and HindIII to generate the pSEAP2/PSA540 construct. Then afragment bearing the fragment of human PSA upstream sequence betweenpositions −5322 and −3873 was amplified by PCR from human placentalgenomic DNA. A XhoI and a BglII sites were introduced with the primers.The resulting fragment was subcloned into pSEAP2/PSA540 digested withXhoI and BglII respectively, to generate the pSEAP2/PSA540/Enhancerconstruct. LNCaP and MDA MB-453 cells were collected in media containing10% charcoal stripped FBS. Each cell suspension was distributed into twoGene Pulser Cuvetts (Bio-Rad) which then received 8 μg of the reporterconstruct, and electoporated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser at 210 voltsand 960 μFaraday. Following the transfections the cells were washed andincubated with media containing charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum inthe absence (blank) or presence (control) of 1 nM dihydrotestosterone(DHT; Sigma Chemical) and in the presence or absence of the standardanti-androgen bicalutamide or compounds of the present invention inconcentrations ranging from 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻⁵ M (sample). Duplicates wereused for each sample. The compound dilutions were performed on a Biomek2000 laboratory workstation.

After 48 h, a fraction of the supernatant was assayed for SEAP activityusing the Phospha-Light Chemiluminescent Reporter Gene Assay System(Tropix, Inc). Viability of the remaining cells was determined using theCellTiter 96 Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (MTSAssay, Promega). Briefly, a mix of a tetrazolium compound(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,inner salt; MTS) and an electron coupling reagent (phenazinemethosulfate; PMS) are added to the cells. MTS (Owen's reagent) isbioreduced by cells into a formazan that is soluble in tissue culturemedium, and therefore its absorbance at 490 nm can be measured directlyfrom 96 well assay plates without additional processing. The quantity offormazan product as measured by the amount of 490 nm absorbance isdirectly proportional to the number of living cells in culture. For eachreplicate the SEAP reading was normalized by the Abs490 value derivedfrom the MTS assay. For the antagonist mode, the % Inhibition wascalculated as:% Inhibition=100×(1−[average control−average blank/averagesample−average blank])Data was plotted and the concentration of compound that inhibited 50% ofthe normalized SEAP was quantified (IC₅₀).

For the agonist mode % Control was referred as the effect of the testedcompound compared to the maximal effect observed with the naturalhormone, in this case DHT, and was calculated as:% Control=100×average sample−average blank/average control−average blankData was plotted and the concentration of compound that activates tolevels 50% of the normalized SEAP for the control was quantified (EC₅₀).B. GR Specificity Assay

The reporter plasmid utilized was comprised of the cDNA for the reporterSEAP protein, as described for the AR specific transactivation assay.Expression of the reporter SEAP protein was controlled by the mousemammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV LTR) sequences thatcontains three hormone response elements (HREs) that can be regulated byboth GR and PR see, e.g. G. Chalepakis et al., Cell, 53(3), 371 (1988).This plasmid was transfected into A549 cells, which expresses endogenousGR, to obtain a GR specific transactivation assay. A549 cells wereobtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), andmaintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS;Gibco). Determination of the GR specific antagonist activity of thecompounds of the present invention was identical to that described forthe AR specific transactivation assay, except that the DHT was replacedwith 5 nM dexamethasone (Sigma Chemicals), a specific agonist for GR.Determination of the GR specific agonist activity of the compounds ofthe present invention was performed as described for the ARtransactivation assay, wherein one measures the activation of the GRspecific reporter system by the addition of a test compound, in theabsence of a known GR specific agonists ligand.

C. PR Specific Assay

The reporter plasmid utilized was comprised of the cDNA for the reporterSEAP protein, as described for the AR specific transactivation assay.Expression of the reporter SEAP protein was controlled by the mousemammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV LTR) sequences thatcontains three hormone response elements (HRE's) that can be regulatedby both GR and PR. This plasmid was transfected into T47D, whichexpresses endogenous PR, to obtain a PR specific transactivation assay.T47D cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(Rockville, Md.), and maintained in DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco). Determination of the PR specificantagonist activity of the compounds of the present invention wasidentical to that described for the AR specific transactivation assay,except that the DHT was replaced with 1 nM Promegastone (NEN), aspecific agonist for PR. Determination of the PR specific agonistactivity of the compounds of the present invention was performed asdescribed for the AR transactivation assay, wherein one measures theactivation of the PR specific reporter system by the addition of a testcompound, in the absence of a known PR specific agonists ligand.

D. AR Binding Assay

For the whole-cell binding assay, human LNCaP cells (T877A mutant AR) orMDA 453 (wild type AR) in 96-well microtiter plates containing RPMI 1640or DMEM supplemented with 10% charcoal stripped CA-FBS (CocalecoBiologicals) respectively, were incubated at 37° C. to remove anyendogenous ligand that might be complexed with the receptor in thecells. After 48 h, either a saturation analysis to determine the K_(d)for tritiated dihydrotestosterone, [³H]-DHT, or a competitive bindingassay to evaluate the ability of test compounds to compete with [³H]-DHTwere performed. For the saturation analysis, media (RPMI 1640 or DMEM−0.2% CA-FBS) containing [³H]-DHT (in concentrations ranging from 0.1 nMto 16 nM) in the absence (total binding) or presence (non-specificbinding) of a 500-fold molar excess of unlabeled DHT were added to thecells. After 4 h at 37° C., an aliquot of the total binding media ateach concentration of [³H]-DHT was removed to estimate the amount offree [³H]-DHT. The remaining media was removed, cells were washed threetimes with PBS and harvested onto UniFilter GF/B plates (Packard),Microscint (Packard) was added and plates counted in a Top-Counter(Packard) to evaluate the amount of bound [³H]-DHT.

For the saturation analysis, the difference between the total bindingand the non-specific binding, was defined as specific binding. Thespecific binding was evaluated by Scatchard analysis to determine theK_(d) for [³H]-DHT. See e.g. D. Rodbard, Mathematics and statistics ofligand assays: an illustrated guide: In: J. Langon and J. J. Clapp,eds., Ligand Assay, Masson Publishing U.S.A., Inc., New York, pp. 45-99,(1981), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

For the competition studies, media containing 1 nM [³H]-DHT andcompounds of the invention (“test compounds”) in concentrations rangingfrom 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻⁵ M were added to the cells. Two replicates were usedfor each sample. After 4 h at 37° C., cells were washed, harvested andcounted as described above. The data was plotted as the amount of[³H]-DHT (% of control in the absence of test compound) remaining overthe range of the dose response curve for a given compound. Theconcentration of test compound that inhibited 50% of the amount of[³H]-DHT bound in the absence of competing ligand was quantified (IC₅₀)after log-logit transformation. The K_(I) values were determined byapplication of the Cheng-Prusoff equation to the IC₅₀ values, where:K_(I) = IC₅₀(1 + (³H-DHT)/K_(d)  for  ³H-DHT).After correcting for non-specific binding, IC₅₀ values were determined.The IC₅₀ is defined as the concentration of competing ligand needed toreduce specific binding by 50%. The K_(d)s for [³H]-DHT for MDA 453 andLNCaP were 0.7 and 0.2 nM respectively.E. C2C12 Mouse Myoblast Transactivation Assay:

Two functional transactivation assays were developed to assess theefficacy of androgen agonists in a muscle cell background using aluciferase reporter. The first assay (ARTA Stable 1) uses a cell line,Stable 1 (clone #72), which expresses the full length rat androgenreceptor but requires the transient transfection of anenhancer/reporter. This cell line was derived from C2C12 mouse moyoblastcells. The second assay (ARTA Stable 2) uses a cell line, Stable 2(clone #133), derived from Stable 1 which expresses both rAR and theenhancer/luciferase reporter.

The enhancer/reporter construct used in this system ispGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase. 2×DR-1 was reported to be an AR specificresponse element in CV-1 cells, Brown et. al. The Journal of BiologicalChemistry 272, 8227-8235, (1997). It was developed by random mutagenesisof an AR/GR consensus enhancer sequence.

F. ARTA Stable 1

1. Stable 1 cells are plated in 96 well format at 6,000 cells/well inhigh glucose DMEM without phenol red-(Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 21063-029)containing 10% charcoal and dextran treated FBS (HyClone Cat. No.:SH30068.02), 50 mM HEPES Buffer (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 15630-080), 1×MEMNa Pyruvate (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 11360-070), 0.5×Antibiotic-Antimycotic, and 800 μg/mL Geneticin (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.:10131-035).

2. 48 h later, cells are transfected with pGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase usingLipofectAMINE Plus™ Reagent (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 10964-013).Specifically, 5 ng/well pGL3/2XDR-1/luciferase DNA and 50 ng/well SalmonSperm DNA (as carrier) are diluted with 51 μl/well Opti-MEMem media(Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 31985-070). To this, 0.5 μl/well Plus reagent isadded. This mixture is incubated for 15 min at rt. In a separate vessel,0.385 μl/well LipofectAMINE reagent is diluted with 5 μl/well Opti-MEM.The DNA mixture is then combined with the LipofectAMINE mixture andincubated for an additional 15 min at rt. During this time, the mediafrom the cells is removed and replaced with 60 μl/well of Opti-MEM. Tothis is added 10 μl/well of the DNA/LipofectAMINE transfection mixture.The cells are incubated for 4 h.

3. The transfection mixture is removed from the cells and replaced with90 μl of media as in #1 above.

4. 10 μL/well of appropriate drug dilution is placed in each well.

5. 24 h later, the Steady-Glo® Luciferase Assay System is used to detectactivity according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Cat.No.: E2520).

G. ARTA Stable 2

1. Stable 2 cells are plated in 96 well format at 6,000 cells/well inhigh glucose DMEM without phenol red (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 21063-029)containing 10% charcoal and dextran treated FBS (HyClone Cat. No.:SH30068.02), 50 mM HEPES Buffer (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 15630-080), 1×MEMNa Pyruvate (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 11360-070), 0.5×Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 800 μg/mL Geneticin (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.:10131-035) and 800 μg/mL Hygromycin β (Gibco BRL, Cat. No.: 10687-010).

2. 48 h later, the media on the cells is removed and replaced with 901μl fresh. 10 μl/well of appropriate drug dilution is placed in eachwell.

3. 24 h later, the Steady-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System is used to detectactivity according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Cat. No.E2520).

Proliferation Assays

A. Human Prostate Cell Proliferation Assay:

Compounds of the present invention were tested (“test compounds”) on theproliferation of human prostate cancer cell lines. For that, MDA PCa2bcells, a cell line derived from the metastasis of a patient that failedcastration, Navone et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3, 2493-500 (1997), wereincubated with or without the test compounds for 72 h and the amount of[³H]-thymidine incorporated into DNA was quantified as a way to assessnumber of cells and therefore proliferation. The MDA PCa2b cell line wasmaintained in BRFF-HPC1 media (Biological Research Faculty & FacilityInc., MD) supplemented with 10% FBS. For the assay, cells were plated inBiocoated 96-well microplates and incubated at 37° C. in 10% FBS(charcoal-stripped)/BRFF-BMZERO (without androgens). After 24 h, thecells were treated in the absence (blank) or presence of 1 nM DHT(control) or with test compounds (sample) of the present invention inconcentrations ranging from 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻⁵ M. Duplicates were used foreach sample. The compound dilutions were performed on a Biomek 2000laboratory work station. Seventy-two h later 0.44 uCi. of [³H]-Thymidine(Amersham) was added per well and incubated for another 24 h followed bytripsinization, harvesting of the cells onto GF/B filters. Micro-scintPS were added to the filters before counting them on a Beckman TopCount.

The % Inhibition was calculated as:%Inhibition=100×(1−[average_(control)−average_(blank)/average_(sample)−average_(blank)])Data was plotted and the concentration of compound that inhibited 50% ofthe [³H]-Thymidine incorporation was quantified (IC₅₀).B. Murine Breast Cell Proliferation Assay:

The ability of compounds of the present invention (“test compounds”) tomodulate the function of the AR was determined by testing said compoundsin a proliferation assay using the androgen responsive murine breastcell line derived from the Shionogi tumor, Hiraoka et al., Cancer Res.,47, 6560-6564 (1987). Stable AR dependent clones of the parentalShionogi line were established by passing tumor fragments under thegeneral procedures originally described in Tetuo, et. al., CancerResearch 25, 1168-1175 (1965). From the above procedure, one stableline, SC 114, was isolated, characterized and utilized for the testingof example compounds. SC 114 cells were incubated with or without thetest compounds for 72 h and the amount of [3H]-thymidine incorporatedinto DNA was quantified as a surrogate endpoint to assess the number ofcells and therefore the proliferation rate as described in Suzuki et.al., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37, 559-567 (1990). The SC114 cellline was maintained in MEM containing 10⁻⁸ M testosterone and 2%DCC-treated FCS. For the assay, cells were plated in 96-well microplatesin the maintenance media and incubated at 37° C. On the following day,the medium was changed to serum free medium [Ham's F-12:MEM (1:1, v/v)containing 0.1% BSA] with (antagonist mode) or without (agonist mode)10⁻⁸ M testosterone and the test compounds of the present invention inconcentrations ranging from 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻⁵ M. Duplicates were used foreach sample. The compound dilutions were performed on a Biomek 2000laboratory work station. Seventy two h later 0.44 uCi of [3H]-Thymidine(Amersham) was added per well and incubated for another 2 h followed bytripsinization, and harvesting of the cells onto GF/B filters.Micro-scint PS were added to the filters before counting them on aBeckman TopCount.

For the antagonist mode, the % Inhibition was calculated as:%Inhibition=100×(1−[average_(sample)−average_(blank)/average_(control)−average_(blank)])Data was plotted and the concentration of compound that inhibited 50% ofthe [³H]-Thymidine incorporation was quantified (IC₅₀).

For the agonist mode % Control was referred as the effect of the testedcompound compared to the maximal effect observed with the naturalhormone, in this case DHT, and was calculated as:%Control=100×(average_(sample)−average_(blank))/(average_(control)−average_(blank))Data was plotted and the concentration of compound that inhibited 50% ofthe [²H]-Thymidine incorporation was quantified (EC₅₀).C. In Vitro Assay to Measure GR-Induced AP-1 Transrepression:

The AP-1 assay is a cell-based luciferase reporter assay. A549 cells,which contain endogenous glucocorticoid receptor, were stablytransfected with an AP-1 DNA binding site attached to the luciferasegene. Cells are then grown in RPMI+10% fetal calf serum(charcoal-treated)+Penicillin/Streptomycin with 0.5 mg/mL geneticin.Cells are plated the day before the assay at approximately 40000cells/well. On assay day, the media is removed by aspiration and 20 μLassay buffer (RPMI without phenol red+10% FCS(charcoal-treated)+Pen/Strep) is added to each well. At this pointeither 20 μL assay buffer (control experiments), the compounds of thepresent invention (“test compounds”) (dissolved in DMSO and added atvarying concentrations) or dexamethasome (100 nM in DMSO, positivecontrol) are added to each well. The plates are then pre-incubated for15 min at 37° C., followed by stimulation of the cells with 10 ng/mLPMA. The plates are then incubated for 7 h at 37° C. after which 40 μLluciferase substrate reagent is added to each well. Activity is measuredby analysis in a luminometer as compared to control experiments treatedwith buffer or dexamethasome. Activity is designated as % inhibition ofthe reporter system as compared to the buffer control with 10 ng/mL PMAalone. The control, dexamethasone, at a concentration of ≦10 μMtypically suppresses activity by 65%. Test compounds which demonstratean inhibition of PMA induction of 50% or greater at a concentration oftest compound of ≦10 μM are deemed active.

In Vivo Assays

Levator Ani & Wet Prostate Weight Assay AR Agonist Assay:

The activity of compounds of the present invention as AR agonists wasinvestigated in an immature male rat model, a recognized test ofanabolic effects in muscle and sustaining effects in sex organs for agiven compound, as described in L. G. Hershberger et al., Proc. Soc.Expt. Biol. Med., 83, 175 (1953); B. L. Beyler et al, “Methods forevaluating anabolic and catabolic agents in laboratory animals”, J.Amer. Med. Women's Ass., 23, 708 (1968); H. Fukuda et al.,“Investigations of the levator ani muscle as an anabolic steroid assay”,Nago Dai. Yak. Ken. Nem. 14, 84 (1966) the disclosures of which areherein incorporated by reference.

The basis of this assay lies in the well-defined action of androgenicagents on the maintenance and growth of muscle tissues and sexualaccessory organs in animals and man. Androgenic steroids, such astestosterone (T), have been well characterized for their ability tomaintain muscle mass. Treatment of animals or humans after castrationswith an exogenous source of T results in a reversal of muscular atrophy.The effects of T on muscular atrophy in the rat levator ani muscle havebeen well characterized. M. Masuoka et al., “Constant cell population innormal, testosterone deprived and testosterone stimulated levator animuscles” Am. J. Anat. 119, 263 (1966); Z. Gori et al., “Testosteronehypertrophy of levator ani muscle of castrated rats. I. Quantitativedata” Boll. —Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 42, 1596 (1966); Z. Gori et al.,“Testosterone hypertrophy of levator ani muscle of castrated rats. II.Electron-microscopic observations” Boll. —Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 42,1600 (1966); A. Boris et al., Steroids 15, 61 (1970). As describedabove, the effects of androgens on maintenance of male sexual accessoryorgans, such as the prostate and seminal vesicles, is well described.Castration results in rapid involution and atrophy of the prostate andseminal vesicles. This effect can be reversed by exogenous addition ofandrogens. Since both the levator ani muscle and the male sex organs arethe tissues most responsive to the effects of androgenic agents, thismodel is used to determine the androgen dependent reversal of atrophy inthe levator ani muscle and the sex accessory organs in immaturecastrated rats. Sexually mature rats (200-250 g, 6-8 weeks-old,Sprague-Dawley, Harlan) were acquired castrated from the vendor(Taconic). The rats were divided into groups and treated daily for 7 to14 days with one of the following:

-   -   1. Control vehicle    -   2. Testosterone Propionate (TP) (3 mg/rat/day, subcutaneous)    -   3. TP plus Bicalutamide (administered p.o. in PEGTW, QD), a        recognized antiandrogen, as a reference compound.    -   4. To demonstrate antagonist activity, a compound of the present        invention (“test compound”) was administered (p.o. in PEGTW, QD)        with TP (s.c. as administered in group 2) in a range of doses.    -   5. To demonstrate agonist activity a compound of the present        invention (“test compound”) was administered alone (p.o. in        PEGTW, QD) in a range of doses.

At the end of the 7-14-day treatment, the animals were sacrificed bycarbon dioxide, and the levator ani, seminal vesicle and ventralprostate weighed. To compare data from different experiments, thelevator ani muscle and sexual organ weights were first standardized asmg per 100 g of body weight, and the increase in organ weight induced byTP was considered as the maximum increase (100%). Super-anova (onefactor) was used for statistical analysis.

The gain and loss of sexual organ weight reflect the changes of the cellnumber (DNA content) and cell mass (protein content), depending upon theserum androgen concentration. See Y. Okuda et al., J. Urol., 145,188-191 (1991), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated byreference. Therefore, measurement of organ wet weight is sufficient toindicate the bioactivity of androgens and androgen antagonist. Inimmature castrated rats, replacement of exogenous androgens increaseslevator ani, seminal vesicles (SV) and prostate in a dose dependentmanner.

The maximum increase in organ weight was 4 to 5-fold when dosing 3mg/rat/day of testosterone (T) or 1 mg/rat/day of testosteronepropionate (TP) for 3 days. The EC₅₀ of T and TP were about 1 mg and0.03 mg, respectively. The increase in the weight of the VP and SV alsocorrelated with the increase in the serum T and DHT concentration.Although administration of T showed 5-times higher serum concentrationsof T and DHT at 2 h after subcutaneous injection than that of TP,thereafter, these high levels declined very rapidly. In contrast, theserum concentrations of T and DHT in TP-treated animals were fairlyconsistent during the 24 h, and therefore, TP showed about 10-30-foldhigher potency than free T.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples serve to better illustrate, but not limit, someof the preferred embodiments of the invention.

Example 14-[4-(2-Hydroxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

1A. Methyl Glycine, TFA Salt

A solution of methyl-BOC-glycine (11.05 g, 58.4 mmol) in a mixture oftrifluoroacetic acid (90 mL) and dry CH₂Cl₂ (90 mL) was stirred at rtfor 1 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), evaporated todryness and the crude product chased with toluene (2×300 mL) and ether(2×300 mL) and dried to provide the title compound as a white solid (9.8g, 82.6%), mp 146-149° C.

1B. 4-Cyano-1-naphthaleneisocyanate

To a yellow solution of 4-amino-1-naphthalenecarbonitrile (4.63 g, 27.5mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) was added solid NaHCO₃ (23.10 g, 275 mmol). Theresulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min, then phosgene(20%) in toluene (110 mmol) was added rapidly to the suspension. Afteraddition, the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hours, then filtered toremove the solid. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure,the resulting solid residue dried in vacuo for 1 hour to giveapproximately 5.2 g of the title compound as a brown solid.

1C. 4-(2,5-Dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

A cooled (0° C.) solution of compound 1A (9.26 g, 47.7 mmol) in dryCH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (6.9 g, 53.4mmol) followed by 4 Å molecular sieves (2.83 g) and stirred at 0° C. for30 min. The reaction mixture was treated with a solution of4-cyanonaphthalene isocyanate (1B) (9.22 g, 47.5 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (60mL), warmed to rt and stirred for 2.0 h. The solution was treated with1,8-diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (11.0 mL, 73.6 mmol), diluted withdry toluene (60 mL) and stirred at rt for 72 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated to a syrup, re-dissolved in EtOAc (800 mL) and filtered toremove the molecular sieves. The clear filtrate was washed with 5% KHSO₄(2×75 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄) to give a light brown solid. Purificationof a portion (5.44 g) by recrystallization from methanol (220 mL) andflash chromatography of the remainder (silica gel, 4″×12″, EtOAc:hexanesgradient) gave the title compound as a light beige solid (7.1 g, 59.1%),mp>275° C. LC/MS m/z 252 [M+H]⁺.

1D.4-[4-(2-Hydroxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

A mixture of compound 1C (150 mg, 0.6 mmol), alanine (53.1 mg, 0.6mmol), and Na₂CO₃ (31.7 mg, 0.3 mmol) in water (1.4 mL) was treated withsalicylaldehyde (0.11 mL, 0.94 mmol) and refluxed for 3.0 h. (Ref: Eur.J. Org. Chem. 1999, 2609-2621). The mixture was diluted with water (1mL) and filtered, washing the yellow precipitates with water (2×2 mL).The yellow solids were triturated with ether (2 mL) and dried to givethe title compound as a yellow solid (74.9 mg, 35.4%), mp 251-252° C.LC/MS m/z 356 [M+H]⁺.

Example 24-[4-(3-Hydroxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

The title compound was obtained as an off-white solid (38.5 mg, 18.2%)from compound 1C and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the same manner as thatused in the preparation of Example 1 by acidifying the aqueous washingsand recrystallization of the crude product from MeOH. LC/MS m/z 356[M+H]⁺.

Example 34-[4-(4-Hydroxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

The title compound was obtained as an off-white solid (37.3 mg, 17.6%),mp>275° C. from compound 1C and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the same manneras that used in the preparation of Example 1 by acidifying the aqueouswashings and recrystallization of the crude product from MeOH. LC/MS m/z356 [M+H]⁺.

Example 44-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methyl-benzonitrile

4A. 3-Chloro-2-methylphenylacetamide

To a solution of 3-chloro-2-methylaniline (3.00 g, 21.2 mmol) in 25 mLof EtOH at rt was added acetic anhydride (2.40 mL, 25.4 mmol), and thesolution was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure to give 3.89 g (100%) of the desired acetamide. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 7.16 (t, J=7.7, 8.3, 1H), 7.25(d, J=8.3, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 9.55 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ15.1, 23.1, 124.4, 125.8, 126.7, 130.3, 133.7, 138.0, 168.3; HPLC a)column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA; 1 min hold, 4 mL/min UVdetection at 220 nm, 2.32 min retention time; HPLC b) column: ShimadzuShim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1%TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold; 4 mL/min, UV detection at220 nm, 2.20 min retention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 184 [M+H]⁺.

4B. 4-Bromo-3-chloro-2-methylphenylacetamide

To a suspension of acetamide 4A (2.00 g, 10.9 mmol) in 15 mL of glacialAcOH cooled to approximately 15° C. was added bromine (1.67 mL, 32.7mmol) over 20 min. The ice bath was removed and the solution was stirredfor 2 h, poured into ice water with stirring, and the solid was thenfiltered and dried to give 2.75 g (96%) of the desired bromide. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 7.56 (d,J=8.8, 1H), 9.60 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 16.7, 23.1, 118.1, 125.5,130.4, 132.7, 133.4, 137.1, 168.4; HPLC a) column: Phenominex ODS C184.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.95 minretention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm,4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA,1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.87 min retention time(98%); MS (ES) m/z 263 [M+H]⁺.

4C. 3-Chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenylacetamide

A suspension of bromide 4B (2.70 g, 10.3 mmol) and copper cyanide (0.92g, 10.3 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was heated to 150° C. for 4 h. Thesuspension was cooled, poured into water with stirring, and the solidwas filtered and dried to give 1.44 g (67%) of the desired nitrile. ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 7.72 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.75(d, J=8.2, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 15.3, 23.5, 107.7,116.5, 123.0, 130.1, 131.5, 135.7, 142.3, 168.8; HPLC a) column:Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFAto 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 2.23 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODSC18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.13 minretention time (95%); MS (ES) m/z 209 [M+H]⁺.

4D. 3-Chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenylaniline

A solution of cyanoacetamide 4C (9.90 g, 47.4 mmol) in 100 mL ofconcentrated HCl/EtOH (1:1) was refluxed 30 min. The solution was thenconcentrated and dried under reduced pressure to give 9.41 g (98%) ofthe desired aniline as the hydrochloride salt. The free base of theaniline was obtained by suspending the salt in EtOAc and washing withsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was then dried(MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆) δ 2.12 (s, 3H), 6.30 (s, 2H), 6.61 (d, J=8.23, 1H), 7.36 (d,J=8.23, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 13.8, 96.9, 112.1, 118.3, 118.85,132.2, 135.6, 152.5; HPLC a) column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 mingradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 minhold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.43 min retention time; HPLCb): column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10%MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.31 min retention time (99%); MS (ES)nz/z 167 [M+H]⁺.

4E. 2-Chloro-4-isocyanato-3-methylbenzonitrile

The title compound was prepared from compound 4D in a manner similar tothat described in the preparation of compound 1B.

4F.4-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

To a solution of 3-chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenyl-1-isocyanate (5.00 g,30.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added 4 Å molecular sieves (˜2.0 g),followed by diisopropylethylamine (6.27 mL, 36.0 mmol) andO-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl ester hydrochloride (6.99 g, 33.0 mmol),and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt overnight. DBU (5.39 ml,36.0 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight.Additional DBU (1.35 ml, 6.69 mmol) was then added and the mixturestirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid washedwith CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was washed with water and brine, dried(MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 98:2 and95:5) to afford the title compound (9.94 g) as a white foam. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.17, 1.18 (s, 9H), 2.30, 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.83 (m, 2H),4.30-4.35 (m, 1H), 6.36, 6.42 (s, 1H), 7.17, 7.23 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),7.61 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 16.23, 27.28, 58.43, 58.59,60.42, 61.19, 74.08, 74.20, 114.59, 115.75, 127.42, 127.60, 131.30,131.42, 135.52, 137.79, 138.27, 155.92, 170.41; HPLC a) column:Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFAto 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 2.52, 2.68 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-PackVP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90%MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm,2.90, 3.17 min retention time (98%); MS (ES) m/z 334 [M−H]⁻.

Example 54-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-3-ethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methyl-benzonitrile

To a solution of the hydantoin (500 mg, 1.49 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) wasadded KHMDS (297 mg, 1.49 mmol) followed by iodoethane (0.12 mL, 1.49mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 2 h. The solutionwas then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layerwas washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 100:0 to 90:10 gradient) toafford the title compound (110 mg) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.17, 1.18 (s, 9H), 1.26 (t, J=7.2, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.32 (m,1H), 3.77-3.88 (m, 3H), 4.22-4.26 (m, 1H), 7.13, 7.23 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),7.59, 7.61 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 13.14, 16.10, 16.21,27.24, 35.88, 36.09, 57.61, 58.47, 60.50, 74.18, 114.47, 115.71, 127.39,127.62, 131.24, 131.42, 135.65, 137.87, 138.24, 154.72, 170.13; HPLC a)column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 3.23, 3.43 min retention time; HPLC b) column:Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 3.15, 3.37 min retention time (100%); HPLC c)column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25%isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 8.91 minretention time (80%); MS (ES) m/z 364 [M+H]⁺. The following compound (35mg) was also obtained as a white foam from the above reaction:

Example 62-Chloro-4-(3-ethyl-4-methylidene-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.20 (t, J=7.2, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.71 (m, 2H),4.86 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),7.53 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 12.45, 16.23, 35.74, 95.93,114.65, 115.68, 127.50, 131.37, 134.76, 135.21, 137.27, 138.25, 151.57,160.57; HPLC a) column: Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient,10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.58 min retention time; HPLC b) column:Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 2.84 min retention time (96%); MS (ES) m/z 290[M+H]⁺.

Example 74-(3-Benzyl-4-tert-butyloxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

To a solution of the hydantoin (500 mg, 1.49 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) wasadded KHMDS (297 mg, 1.49 mmol) followed by benzyl bromide (0.18 mL,1.49 mmol) and the resulting solution stirred at rt for 1 h. Thesolution was then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filteredand concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 100:0 to 90:10 gradient)to afford the title compound (134 mg) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.10, 1.11 (s, 9H), 2.26, 2.28 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.97-4.00 (m,1H), 4.21, 4.21 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01, 5.04 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H),7.12-7.34 (m, 6H), 7.56 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 16.30,27.20, 45.01, 57.56, 58.49, 60.07, 60.33, 74.03, 114.43, 115.83, 127.43,127.66, 128.10, 128.17, 128.24, 129.00, 131.20, 131.41, 135.36, 169.73;HPLC a) column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10%MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 3.80 min retention time; HPLC b) column:Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 3.67, 3.77 min retention time (97%); HPLC c)column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25%isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 13.91 minretention time (98%); MS (ES) m/z 426 [M+H]⁺. The following compound (68mg) was also obtained from the above reaction as a beige solid:

Example 84-(3-Benzyl-4-methylidene-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.24 (s, 3H), 4.77-4.86 (m, 3H), 5.45 (d, J=2.2 Hz,1H), 7.21-7.33 (m, 6H), 7.57 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 16.29,44.58, 97.54, 114.78, 115.66, 127.36, 127.54, 128.28, 129.04, 131.42,134.41, 134.75, 135.14, 137.26, 138.32, 152.17, 160.38; HPLC a) column:Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFAto 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 2.96 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODSC18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 3.42 minretention time (80%); MS (ES) m/z 352 [M+H]⁺.

Example 94-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

To a solution of the hydantoin (300 mg, 0.893 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) wasadded KHMDS (178 mg, 0.893 mmol) followed by iodomethane (0.06 mL, 0.893mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solutionwas diluted with water and the white solid was filtered and dried undervacuum. The solid was then purified by flash chromatography (silica gel,CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 100:0 to 90:10 gradient) to afford the title compound (58mg) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 1.21 (s, 9H), 2.30, 2.31 (s,3H), 3.02, 3.03 (s, 3H), 3.84-3.90 (m, 2H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 7.23, 7.39 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); HPLC a) column: Phenominex ODSC18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 3.04, 3.25min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1%TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 3.00, 3.26 minretention time (98%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm,Isocratic 25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 ml/min, UV detection at 220nm, 13.15 min retention time (88%); MS (ES) m/z 350 [M+H]⁺.

Example 102-Chloro-4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile

A solution of the tert-butyl ether (40 mg, 0.114 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL)and TFA (1 mL) was stirred at rt for 3 h. The solution was thenconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue purified bypreparative HPLC (reverse phase silica gel, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA) to afford the title compound (28 mg) as acolorless oil. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 2.30, 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.06, 3.06 (s, 3H),3.96-4.07 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.29 (m, 1H), 7.32, 7.40 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H),7.76, 7.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 16.16, 27.91, 58.61,58.90, 65.26, 65.73, 115.28, 116.70, 129.44, 129.63, 132.77, 132.87,137.88, 138.44, 138.97, 157.05, 172.17; HPLC a) column: Phenominex LUNAC18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 1.78, 1.94min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1%TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 1.70, 1.92 minretention time (98%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm,Isocratic 25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 12.69 min retention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 294 [M+H]⁺.

Example 114-(3-Benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

A solution of the tert-butyl ether (60 mg, 0.141 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL)and TFA (1 mL) was stirred at rt for 3 h. The solution was thenconcentrated under reduced pressure and the residue purified bypreparative HPLC (reverse phase silica gel, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA) to afford the title compound (30 mg) as acolorless oil. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 2.30, 2.32 (s, 3H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 2H),4.07-4.16 (m, 1H), 4.33 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05-5.10 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.45(m, 6H), 7.75, 7.76 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 16.21, 45.63,58.57, 58.95, 63.08, 63.44, 115.33, 116.69, 129.11, 129.24, 129.48,129.73, 129.97, 130.03, 132.78, 132.92, 137.07, 137.16, 137.76, 138.45,138.98, 157.00, 171.95; HPLC a) column: Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.48, 2.69 min retentiontime; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 mingradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 minhold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.75, 3.05 min retention time(100%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25%isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 12.09 minretention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 370 [M+H]⁺.

Example 122-Chloro-4-(3-ethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbenzonitrile

A solution of the tert-butyl ether obtained in Example 5 (42 mg, 0.12mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and TFA (1 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. Thesolution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residuepurified by preparative HPLC (reverse phase silica gel, 10% MeOH/90%H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA) to afford the title compound(32 mg) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 1.24-1.28 (m, 3H), 2.30, 2.31(s, 3H), 3.29-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.97-4.06 (m, 2H),4.32-4.42 (m, 1H), 7.33, 7.41 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.75, 7.77 (d, J=8.3Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD) δ 13.25, 13.32, 16.21, 36.93, 37.06, 58.85,59.17, 63.27, 63.57, 115.24, 116.70, 129.45, 129.66, 132.75, 132.87,137.84, 138.43, 138.97, 156.59, 172.17, 172.30; HPLC a) column:Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFAto 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 1.98, 2.14 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-PackVP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90%MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm,1.91, 2.19 min retention time (99%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 9.70 min retention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 308[M+H]⁺.

Example 13 13A.[1-(3-Chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-ylmethyl]carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a solution of the isocyanate of Example 4E (1.60 g, 8.33 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added 4 Å molecular sieves (˜0.5 g), followed bydiisopropylethylamine (1.74 mL, 9.99 mmol) and methyl2-amino-3-[(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-propanoate hydrochloride (2.33g, 9.16 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. DBU(1.50 mL, 9.99 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at rt overnight.Additional DBU (0.37 mL, 2.47 mmol) was then added and the mixturestirred at rt for 5 h. The mixture was then filtered and the solidwashed with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was washed with water and brine, dried(MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 98:2 to80:20 gradient) to afford the title compound (2.71 g) as a beige foam.¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.44 (s, 9H), 2.28, 2.29 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.60 (m, 1H),3.68-3.78 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.35 (m, 1H), 5.02, 5.08 (br s, 1H), 6.63 (br s,1H), 7.20, 7.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62, 7.63 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); HPLC a)column: Phenominex C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1%TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at220 nm, 3.00 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-PackVP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90%MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm,2.89 min retention time (99%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 22.26 min retention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 377[M−H]⁻.

13B.[1-(3-Chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-ylmethyl]carbamicAcid tert-butyl Ester

To a solution of the hydantoin 13A (1.00 g, 2.64 mmol) in DMF (10 mL)was added KHMDS (530 mg, 2.64 mmol) followed by iodomethane (0.16 mL,2.64 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 2 h. Thesolution was then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filteredand concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified byflash chromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 100:0 to 80:20 gradient)to afford the title compound (608 mg) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.41, 1.43 (s, 9H), 2.26, 2.28 (s, 3H), 3.11, 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.86(m, 2H), 4.08-4.12 (m, 1H), 4.77, 4.83 (br s, 1H), 7.16, 7.20 (d, J=8.3Hz, 1H), 7.60, 7.61 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); HPLC a) column: Phenominex C184.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10%H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 3.05 minretention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm,4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA,1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.86, 2.96 min retentiontime (98%); HPLC c) column: Daicel Chiralcel OD 4.6×250 mm, Isocratic25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 14.40min retention time (97%); MS (ES) m/z 391 [M−H]⁻.

Example 142-Chloro-3-methyl-4-(3-methyl-4-methylidene-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)benzonitrile

A solution of the N-Boc-protected amine 13B (300 mg, 0.763 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and TFA (3 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solution wasthen concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue azeotroped witha 1:1 solution of CH₂Cl₂/toluene (3×10 mL) and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography(silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 100:0 to 80:20 gradient) to afford the titlecompound (71 mg) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.21 (s, 3H), 3.12(s, 3H), 5.16 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.8Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 15.70, 26.73,95.59, 113.18, 115.83, 128.79, 132.09, 136.03, 136.37, 136.54, 136.68,151.88, 160.56; HPLC a) column: Phenominex C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 mingradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 minhold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.70 min retention time; HPLC b)column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10%MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 2.59 min retention time (98%).

Example 154-(4-Aminomethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-chloro-3-methylbenzonitrile

A solution of the N-Boc-protected amine 13B (260 mg, 0.662 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and TFA (3 mL) was stirred at rt for 1.5 h. The solutionwas then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the titlecompound (349 mg) as a brown foam as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ2.32, 2.33 (s, 3H), 3.07, 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.49-3.64 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.52 (m,1H), 4.63-4.65 (m, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.79, 7.80 (d, J=8.23Hz, 1H); HPLC a) column: Phenominex ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient,10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 1.50, 1.65 min retention time; HPLC b)column: Shimadzu Shim-Pack VP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10%MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm, 0.90, 1.11 min retention time (90%); MS(ES) m/z 293 [M+H]⁺.

Example 16N-[1-(3-Chloro-4-cyano-2-methylphenyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-ylmethyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

To a solution of the amine TFA salt of Example 15 (50 mg, 0.123 mmol) inTHF (1 mL) was added triethylamine (20 μL, 0.148 mmol) andtrifluoroacetic anhydride (21 μL, 0.148 mmol), and the solution wasstirred at rt for 1.5 h. Additional triethylamine (20 μL, 0.148 mmol)and trifluoroacetic anhydride (21 μL, 0.148 mmol) were then added andthe solution stirred at rt for 3 h. Further quantities of triethylamine(20 μL, 0.148 mmol) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (21 μL, 0.148 mmol)were added and the solution stirred at rt for one h. The solution wasdiluted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flashchromatography (silica gel, CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH, 98:2 and 95:5) to afford thetitle compound (29 mg) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.24, 2.30(s, 3H), 3.14, 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.88-3.94 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.26 (m, 1H), 7.12,7.21 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.60, 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); HPLC a) column:Phenominex LUNA C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFAto 90% MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220nm, 2.56, 2.72 min retention time; HPLC b) column: Shimadzu Shim-PackVP-ODS C18 4.6×50 mm, 4 min gradient, 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% TFA to 90%MeOH/10% H₂O/0.1% TFA, 1 min hold, 4 mL/min, UV detection at 220 nm,2.44, 2.62 min retention time (100%); HPLC c) column: Daicel ChiralcelOD 4.6×250 mm, Isocratic 25% isopropanol/hexanes, 30 min, 1 mL/min, UVdetection at 220 nm, 16.81 min retention time (99%); MS (ES) m/z 389[M+H]⁺.

Example 174-(4,4-Dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from 2,2-dimethylglycine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed for Example 4, to afford the desired hydantoin as a solid.LC/MS (ES) m/z 280 [M+H]⁺.

Example 184-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from O-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed for Example 4, followed by N-methylation of the resultanthydantoin according to the procedure described in Example 9 to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 352 [M+H]⁺.

Example 19±4-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 18 by deprotonation with KHMDSin THF/alkyaltion with iodomethane under standard conditions, to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 366 [M+H]⁺.

Example 20±-4-(4-Hydroxymethyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 19 by removal of the tert-butylether group in the manner previously described in Example 10, to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 310 [M+H]⁺.

Example 21 Acetic acid4-[3-(4-cyanonaphthalen-1-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]butylester

This compound was prepared from the compound of Example 17 by KHMDSdeprotonation and N-alkylation with 4-acetoxybutyl bromide in a mannersimilar to that previously described in Example 9, to afford the desiredhydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 394 [M+H]⁺.

Example 224-[3-(4-Hydroxybutyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 21 by standard NaOH/MeOHhydrolysis of the acetoxy group, to afford the desired hydantoin as asolid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 352 [M+H]⁺.

Example 23±4-(4-tert-Butyloxymethyl-3,4-diethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from O-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed for Example 4, followed by diethylation of the resultanthydantoin using an excess of KHMDS and ethyl iodide in the mannersimilar to that previously described for Example 9, to afford thedesired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 394 [M+H]⁺.

Example 24±-4-(3,4-Diethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 23 by removal of the tert-butylether group in the manner previously described in Example 10, to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 338 [M+H]⁺.

Example 254-(4-Hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from O-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed for Example 4, followed by removal of the tert-butyl ethergroup in the manner previously described in Example 10, to afford thedesired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 282 [M+H]⁺.

Example 264-(4-Hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from O-tert-butyl-L-serine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed for Example 4, followed by N-methylation of the resultanthydantoin according to the procedure described in Example 9, andsubsequent removal of the tert-butyl ether group in the mannerpreviously described in Example 10, to afford the desired hydantoin as asolid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 296 [M+H]⁺.

Example 274-[4-(1-tert-Butyloxyethyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from O-tert-butyl-L-threonine methyl esterhydrochloride and 4-cyanonaphthyl-1-isocyanate in the manner previouslydescribed in Example 4, to afford the desired hydantoin as a solid.LC/MS (ES) m/z 352 [M+H]⁺.

Example 284-[4-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 27 by removal of the tert-butylether group in the manner previously described in Example 10, to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 296 [M+H]⁺.

Example 294-[4-(1-tert-Butyloxyethyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 27 by N-methylation accordingto the procedure previously described in Example 9, to afford thedesired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 366 [M+H]⁺.

Example 304-[4-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]naphthalene-1-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared from Compound 29 by removal of the tert-butylether group in the manner previously described in Example 10, to affordthe desired hydantoin as a solid. LC/MS (ES) m/z 310 [M+H]⁺.

1. A Compound according to Formula I:

wherein: R₁, R₂ and R₃ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl and substitutedarylalkenyl, wherein R₁ and R₂ may be taken together to form acarbon-carbon double bond that is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents chosen from the group consisting of H, alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, arylalkyl, substitutedarylalkyl, arylalkenyl and substituted arylalkenyl; X is selected fromthe group consisting of O, S, NR₁, CH₂, H and R₅; G is an aryl,heterocyclo or heteroaryl group, wherein said group is mono- orpolycyclic, and is optionally substituted with one or more substituentsselected from the group consisting of H, halo, CN, CF₃, OR₄, CO₂R₄,NR₄R₄′, CONR₄R₄′, CH₂OR₄, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl orsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; R₄ and R₄ ineach functional group are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substitutedalkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substitutedcycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl or substitutedaryl, and heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl; and R₅ is selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl orsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl, with thefollowing provisos: (a) excluding compounds where the following occursimultaneously: R₂ is hydrogen; X is H and R₅, oxygen (O), sulfur (S) orNR₁; and G has the following structure:

wherein R₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen (H), cyano(—CN), nitro (—NO₂), halo, heterocyclo, OR₁₄, CO₂R₁₅, CONHR₁₅, COR₁₅,S(O)_(p)R₁₅, SO₂NR₁₅R₁₅′, NHCOR₁₅ and NHSO₂R₁₅; R₁₄ in each functionalgroup is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen(H), alkyl or substituted alkyl, CHF₂, CF₃ and COR₁₅; R₁₅ and R₁₅′ ineach functional group are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen (H), alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl orsubstituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl orsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substitutedheterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, aryl orsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl and —CN; A and Bare each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen(H), halo, cyano(—CN), nitro(—NO₂), alkyl or substituted alkyl and OR₁₄;and p is an integer from 0 to 2; (b) when R₁ and R₂ are each CH₃, G isnot an aryl, wherein both ortho positions of the aryl are H; and (c)when G is

R₁ is H.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: X is O.
 3. Thecompound according to claim 2, wherein G is a mono- or bicyclic aryl,which is optionally substituted with one or more substitutents selectedfrom the group consisting of H, halo, CN and alkyl.
 4. The compoundaccording to claim 3, wherein G has the following structure:

wherein, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of H, halo, CN and alkyl.
 5. The compound according toclaim 4, wherein R₈ is CN.
 6. The compound according to claim 5, whereinR₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl and substitutedalkyl.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a compound accordingto formula I; and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant or carrier. 8.A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with androgenreceptor activity, comprising: administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound according to formula I to a patient in need oftreatment.